The Tanakh describes the Edomites as descendants of Esau. As a young adult, he sold his birthright to his brother Jacob for a portion of "red pottage". The Hebrew word Edom means "red", and the Hebrew Bible relates it to the name of its founder, Esau, the elder son of the Hebrew patriarch Isaac, because he was born "red all over". The Edomites first established a kingdom ("Edom") in the southern area of modern-day Jordan and later migrated into the southern parts of the Kingdom of Judah ("Idumea", modern-day Mount Hebron) when Judah was first weakened and then destroyed by the Babylonians in the 6th century BC. Įdom and Idumea are two related but distinct terms they relate to a historically-contiguous population but to two separate, if adjacent, territories which the Edomites/Idumeans occupied in different periods of their history. During the 2nd century BC, the Edomites were forcibly converted to Judaism by the Hasmoneans, and were incorporated into the Jewish nation. The people appear under a Greek form of their old name, as Idumeans or Idumaeans, and their new territory was called Idumea or Idumaea ( Greek: Ἰδουμαία, Idoumaía Latin: Idūmaea), a term that was used in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, also mentioned in the New Testament.
Once pushed out of their territory, the Edomites settled during the Persian period in an area comprising the southern hills of Judea down to the area north of Be'er Sheva. More recent excavations show that the process of Edomite settlement in the southern parts of the Kingdom of Judah and parts of the Negev down to Timna had started already before the destruction of the kingdom by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587/86 BC, both by peaceful penetration and by military means and taking advantage of the already-weakened state of Judah. After the fall of the kingdom of Edom, the Edomites were pushed westward towards southern Judah by nomadic tribes coming from the east among them were the Nabataeans, who first appeared in the historical annals of the 4th century BC and had already established their own kingdom in what used to be Edom by the first half of the 2nd century BC. Archaeological investigation has shown that the nation flourished between the 13th and the 8th centuries BC and was destroyed after a period of decline in the 6th century BC by the Babylonians. 1215 BC as well as in the chronicle of a campaign by Ramesses III (r.
Edom appears in written sources relating to the late Bronze Age and to the Iron Age in the Levant.Įdomites are related in several ancient sources including the Tanakh, a list of the Egyptian pharaoh Seti I from c. Most of its former territory is now divided between present-day southern Israel and Jordan. Edom ( / ˈ iː d ə m/ Edomite: 𐤀𐤃𐤌 ʾDM Hebrew: אֱדוֹם ʾĔḏōm, lit.: "red" Akkadian: 𒌑𒁺𒈪 Údumi, 𒌑𒁺𒈬 Údumu Ancient Egyptian: jdwmꜥ) was an ancient kingdom in Transjordan, located between Moab to the northeast, the Arabah to the west, and the Arabian Desert to the south and east.
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